It is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. The risk of diabetes varies by ethnic and geographic background. It also has a higher prevalence among people of African American or Hispanic ancestry than those of non-Hispanic white or Asian ancestry.
Geographically, diabetes is most prevalent in the southern and Appalachian regions of the United States. The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide. Due to an increase in inactive sedentary lifestyles, obesity, and other risk factors, the frequency of this disease has more than quadrupled in the past 35 years.
The causes of type 2 diabetes are complex. This condition results from a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, some of which have not been identified. Studies have identified at least DNA variations that are associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Most of these changes are common and are present both in people with diabetes and in those without. Each person has some variations that increase risk and others that reduce risk. It is the combination of these changes that helps determine a person's likelihood of developing the disease. The majority of genetic variations associated with type 2 diabetes are thought to act by subtly changing the amount, timing, and location of gene activity expression.
These changes in expression affect genes involved in many aspects of type 2 diabetes, including the development and function of beta cells in the pancreas , the release and processing of insulin , and cells' sensitivity to the effects of insulin.
However, for many of the variations that have been associated with type 2 diabetes, the mechanism by which they contribute to disease risk is unknown. Genetic variations likely act together with health and lifestyle factors to influence an individual's overall risk of type 2 diabetes. All of these factors are related, directly or indirectly, to the body's ability to produce and respond to insulin. Studies show that it is possible to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes by exercising and losing weight.
Learn how you can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. Have you recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes? Join our free Living With Type 2 Diabetes program and get the information and support you need to live well with diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes runs in families. In part, this is due to children learning bad habits—eating a poor diet, not exercising—from their parents. But there is also a genetic basis. The good news is, like in adults, it is possible to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes in youth by encouraging healthy food choices, exercise and weight loss. Learn about type 2 diabetes prevention. If you would like to learn more about the genetics of all forms of diabetes, the National Institutes of Health has published The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes.
This free online book provides an overview of the current knowledge about the genetics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well other less common forms of diabetes.
The book is written for health care professionals and for people with diabetes interested in learning more about the disease. Log in menu Manage Account Search. Donate now. Breadcrumb Diabetes Overview Genetics of Diabetes. Genetics of Diabetes. Diabetes Overview. The condition may develop over time, or something may have to activate the autoimmune antibodies before symptoms appear.
After this triggering, symptoms tend to appear quickly, within days or weeks. Type 2 diabetes It is the most common type, accounting for about 90—95 percent of all diabetes cases in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC. However, while genetic factors may play a role, experts believe that lifestyle factors, including diet and exercise, have the most significant impact.
Apart from family history, other factors increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, including:. Certain groups of people also have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes occurs during up to 14 percent of all pregnancies in the U. There are not usually any symptoms, but it can increase the risk of delivery complications and other problems. Gestational diabetes usually passes after delivery, but type 2 diabetes may then develop, sometimes soon after the pregnancy is over or several years later.
Doctors are unsure why it happens, and there is no clear inheritance pattern. However, a woman with gestational diabetes often has a family member with diabetes, usually type 2. Diabetes insipidus is a completely different condition from type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabetes insipidus, however, does not affect insulin or the way that the body uses blood sugar.
Instead, it results from a malfunction in the pituitary gland and affects the production of the hormone vasopressin. This changes the balance of water in the body. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a genetic condition that develops after a parent has passed on a genetic mutation. Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus , which is partly hereditary and genetic, but it can also stem from other factors, such as an injury or a tumor. A person with diabetes insipidus can become dehydrated very easily.
They will need to drink lots of water and urinate frequently. In someone with the condition, dehydration can lead to confusion, low blood pressure , seizures, and a coma. Researchers have yet to discover all the genetic risk factors for diabetes, and it is not yet possible for everyone to have genetic testing to determine their risk.
However, people who know that they are more likely to develop the condition can often take steps to reduce their risk.
Genetic testing can predict type 1 diabetes and distinguish between types 1 and 2 in some people. Researchers are still working on genetic tests that can predict type 1 and type 2 diabetes. A predisposition to develop type 1 diabetes is passed through generations in families, but the inheritance pattern is unknown.
Genetics Home Reference has merged with MedlinePlus. Learn more. The information on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. Type 1 diabetes. From Genetics Home Reference.
Description Type 1 diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels. Frequency Type 1 diabetes occurs in 10 to 20 per , people per year in the United States.
Causes The causes of type 1 diabetes are unknown, although several risk factors have been identified. Inheritance A predisposition to develop type 1 diabetes is passed through generations in families, but the inheritance pattern is unknown.
Research Studies from ClinicalTrials. The past, present, and future of genetic associations in type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. The epidemic of type 1 diabetes: what is it telling us? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes.
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